In %'"), Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced his intention to enact major labour and employment law changes as part of his economic agenda. India is a federal system with authority at both the central government and state government level. Under the Indian Constitution, labour and employment is an area where both the central and state governments have authority to enact laws. However, most labour and employment laws have come from the central government and permit state governments (or in certain industries and centrally-run territories, the central government) to make further changes. By March %'"*, the government had introduced two bills, the Industrial Relations Code, %'"*, and the Code on Wages, %'"*, which were intended to replace all other bills on these subjects. The bills were part of Modi’s agenda to deregulate industry in India in order to attract investment, with a focus on manufacturing. They followed several years of notable and visible crackdowns on union activity in manufacturing in India; for example, in Gurgaon, during the protests at Viva Global, a garment factory, and at a Maruti Suzuki factory. In May %'"*, consultations with some unions were held, but changes to the proposed laws were marginal.%+ As a result, on % September %'"+, central trade unions in India conducted a pan-India strike of "*' million workers, or ('% of the Indian labour force, uniting permanent and informal workers against the proposed changes. The strikes represented a major statement by workers against the state whose failure to engage in meaningful consultation with workers has made direct action critical. In response, the government made marginal changes to the Code on Wages, %'"*, and re-released the Code on Wages, %'"-. Overall, workers’ demands were not adequately addressed in the updated draft. On January ,.$%'"#, unions went on strike again against the %'"- bill.%- Nevertheless, after a landslide re-election for Modi in May$%'"#, on$, August %'"#, the Code on Wages,$ %'"# was passed. Furthermore, the Code on Social Security, %'"# was introduced on "" December %'"# and the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, %'"# was introduced on$ %($ July %'"#. An updated Industrial Relations Code, 2019 was introduced on %, November %'"#. All three drafts after consideration in the lower house of India’s parliament were referred to Standing Committees for review. On , January %'%', central unions again coordinated a pan-India strike against the remaining three laws, even gaining the support of the ruling party’s affiliate union.%, Subsequently, new versions of the three bills were introduced and passed by both houses of the parliament in September %'%', amidst a boycott by the opposition party and large-scale protests by unions.%, Map from https://freevectormaps.com/india/IN-EPS-01-0001?ref=atr